Before deciding to scrap rule 5.4, the court’s justices had to ask “are these rules necessary to protect the public? Or are they restraints on the practice of law?”

 

Arizona First State to OK Nonlawyer Ownership of Law Firms

The Cardinal Change Doctrine

The cardinal change doctrine limits the ability to make significant changes to a project’s scope of work after the contract is signed. This doctrine prevents a contractor or sub from having to perform work that wasn’t initially bargained for.

The ability to identify cardinal changes is an important tool for contractors and subs to protect their rights and ensure they get paid what they’ve earned. Without knowing what is and isn’t allowable, construction businesses can’t be empowered to stand up for themselves when they’re getting yanked around. The cardinal change doctrine grants construction businesses a way out when confronted with a cardinal change.

https://www.levelset.com/blog/cardinal-change-doctrine/

The same person is both the creditor and the debtor

Under the merger doctrine, when the same person is both the creditor and the debtor with respect to a debt, that debt is extinguished.

....In the final analysis, while [The Court] clearly opened the door to application of the merger doctrine in cases where the creditor and debtor are in the relation of corporation/sole shareholder, it did not articulate a clear standard for courts or practitioners to apply in the future in such cases. 

Австралия. Беларусь. Еще раз о критериях отличия работника, осуществляющего работу не по трудовому, а по гражданскому договору. Может просто включать в договор специальный пункт?

Эта тема в последнее годы стала актуально уже и для Беларуси.  В интернете при быстром поиске можно стразу найти такую статью:   «Гражданско-правовой договор с физлицом: на что обратить внимание». В данной статье в частности приводятся признаки, по которым на практике определяется подмена трудовых отношений гражданско-правовыми.

Ниже приведу рассылку из Австралии в которой приводятся также критерии по данному вопросу, изложенные в судебном постановлению по делу  Workpac Pty Ltd v Rossato (2020).

Но не буду сейчас анализировать эти критерии, а хочу обратить внимание на следующее.

The Entire Fairness Doctrine

 

Once the entire fairness standard is triggered, the corporate board has the burden to demonstrate that the transaction is inherently fair to the stockholders by demonstrating both fair dealing (i.e., process) and fair price (i.e., substance).

http://www.rc.com/documents/Primer%20on%20Business%20Judgment%20Rule.pdf

Doctrines of Preclusion

DOCTRINES OF PRECLUSION 

When a claimant has filed claims or lawsuits for the same injury under more than one statute various doctrines of preclusion may be raised as a defense to the claim under the Act or to issues raised in a claim under the Act. 

 

Equitable Mootness Doctrine

Mootness In the legal system of the United States, a matter is moot if further legal proceedings with regard to it can have no effect, or events have placed it beyond the reach of the law. Thereby the matter has been deprived of practical significance or rendered purely academic. The U.S. development of this word stems from the practice of moot courts, in which hypothetical or fictional cases were argued as a part of legal education. These purely academic issues led the U.S. courts to describe cases where developing circumstances made any judgment ineffective as "moot". The doctrine can be compared to the ripeness doctrine, another judge-made rule, that holds that judges should not rule on cases based entirely on anticipated disputes or hypothetical facts. Similar doctrines prevent the federal courts of the United States from issuing advisory opinions.[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mootness

Work-product doctrine / Public nuisance / Edict of government /

Work-product doctrine In American civil procedure, the work-product doctrine protects materials prepared in anticipation of litigation from discovery by opposing counsel.[1] It is also known as the work-product rule, the work-product immunity, and the work-product exception. It is sometimes mistakenly called the work-product privilege. This doctrine does not apply in other countries, where such communications are not protected, but where the legal discovery process itself is much more limited.[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-product_doctrine

Federal and State Courts Wrestle with Work Production Doctrine Variations by McGuireWoods LLP on 5/7/2020 United States Ironically, federal courts interpreting a single sentence from a federal rule take dramatically differing approaches to the work product doctrine. And a handful of states have not adopted that federal work product rule.

Public nuisance  In English criminal law, public nuisance is a class of common law offence in which the injury, loss, or damage is suffered by the public, in general, rather than an individual, in particular.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nuisance

Potential Liability for Businesses Under the Public Nuisance Doctrine by Seyfarth Shaw LLP on 5/18/2020 United States Today, plaintiffs lawyers have already begun testing the doctrine’s viability in COVID-19 litigation. While state law varies, the public nuisance doctrine generally protects the public against unreasonable and substantial interference with a public right. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 821B (1979).

Edict of government  Edict of government is a technical term associated with the United States Copyright Office's guidelines and practices that comprehensively includes laws (in a wide sense of that term), which advises that such submissions will not be accepted nor processed for copyright registration. It is based on the principle of public policy that citizens must have unrestrained access to the laws that govern them. Similar provisions occur in most, but not all, systems of copyright law; the main exceptions are in those copyright laws which have developed from English law, under which the copyright in laws rests with the Crown or the government. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_government

Supreme Court Expands the Government Edicts Doctrine to Legislators by WilmerHale on 5/19/2020 United States ... annotations in Georgia’s official statutory code were “authored by an arm of the legislature in the course of its legislative duties,” the Court decided that the government edicts doctrine put the annotations “outside the reach of copyright protection.” The 5-4 decision revisited the government edicts doctrine for the first time in over ...